The human brain is a remarkable product of evolution. While the prefrontal cortex enables us to reason, plan, and solve complex problems, older parts of the brain remain highly attuned to potential threats and uncertainty. One of these structures, the amygdala, plays an important role in detecting what is unfamiliar or unexpected. When it perceives a potential threat, it can trigger a stress response that prepares us to fight, flee, or protect ourselves. This mechanism has helped our species survive for thousands of generations. The challenge is that our brains often respond to social uncertainty in much the same way they respond to physical uncertainty. When we encounter unfamiliar people, perspectives, or situations, we may experience discomfort before we have had time to think rationally about them. I think this is why change can feel difficult, even when it is beneficial.

The goal is not to eliminate these instinctive reactions as they are part of being human. The goal is to recognise them and create environments where unfamiliarity becomes familiarity. In leadership, organisational change, and inclusion work, this matters enormously. The more exposure people have to different perspectives, experiences, and ways of working, the more the unfamiliar becomes expected. As trust grows, anxiety decreases, collaboration improves, and people become more open to new ideas. Sometimes progress is not about changing what is inside people, it is about changing what people are exposed to, so that what once felt unfamiliar no longer feels threatening.